A Survey on Flip Flop Replacement to Latch on Various Design

This paper presents survey for the replacement of flip flop to latches and the advantages of the latch based sequential design Flip flop are the major part of the design a sequential elements and this flip flop has more disadvantages as performance decreases and area increases. An alternate method to increase the performance and reduce the area size latches. Latches are used instead of flip flops in certain places to increase the performance and decrease the area

A Survey on Flip Flop Replacement to Latch on Various Design

This paper presents survey for the replacement of flip flop to latches and the advantages of the latch based sequential design Flip flop are the major part of the design a sequential elements and this flip flop has more disadvantages as performance decreases and area increases. An alternate method to increase the performance and reduce the area size latches. Latches are used instead of flip flops in certain places to increase the performance and decrease the area

Differential binding of RNA polymerase to the wild type Mu mom promoter and its C independent mutant: a theoretical analysis

Using the theoretical model for DNA bending we have analyzed the Mu mom promoter wild type and its mutant tin7 which showed differential binding to the RNA polymerase. We have demonstrated here the structural change as a result of the point mutation which may be responsible for the altered binding of RNA polymerase. Analysis using both sets of parameters essentially gives the same result

Application of artificial neural networks for prokaryotic transcription terminator prediction

Artificial neural networks (ANN) to predict terminator sequences, based on a feed-forward architecture and trained using the error back propagation technique, have been developed. The network uses two different methods for coding nucleotide sequences. In one the nucleotide bases are coded in binary while the other uses the electron-ion interaction potential values (EIIP) of the nucleotide bases. The latter strategy is new, property based and substantially reduces the network size. The prediction capacity of the artificial neural network using both coding strategies is more than 95%

Lattice mismatch and surface morphology studies of In<SUB>x</SUB>Ga<SUB>1-x</SUB>As epilayers grown on GaAs substrates

InxGa1-x As (0·06 &#8804; x &#8804; 0·35) epilayers were grown on GaAs substrates by atmospheric pressure metal organic chemical vapour deposition technique. Surface morphology and lattice mismatch in the InGaAs/GaAs films of different compositions were studied. Cross-hatched patterns were observed on the surface of the epilayers for bulk alloy composition up to x &#8776; 0·25. For x&gt;0·3, a rough textured surface morphology was observed

Applications of CRISPR–Cas systems in neuroscience

Genome-editing tools, and in particular those based on CRISPR-Cas (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)-CRISPR-associated protein) systems, are accelerating the pace of biological research and enabling targeted genetic interrogation in almost any organism and cell type. These tools have opened the door to the development of new model systems for studying the complexity of the nervous system, including animal models and stem cell-derived in vitro models. Precise and efficient gene editing using CRISPR-Cas systems has the potential to advance both basic and translational neuroscience research.National Institute of Mental Health (U.S.) (Grant 5DP1-MH100706)National Institute of Mental Health (U.S.) (Grant 1R01-MH110049)National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (U.S.) (Grant 5R01DK097768-03

Imaging fascicular organization of rat sciatic nerves with fast neural electrical impedance tomography

Imaging compound action potentials (CAPs) in peripheral nerves could help avoid side effects in neuromodulation by selective stimulation of identified fascicles. Existing methods have low resolution, limited imaging depth, or are invasive. Fast neural electrical impedance tomography (EIT) allows fascicular CAP imaging with a resolution of <200 µm, <1 ms using a non-penetrating flexible nerve cuff electrode array. Here, we validate EIT imaging in rat sciatic nerve by comparison to micro-computed tomography (microCT) and histology with fluorescent dextran tracers. With EIT, there are reproducible localized changes in tissue impedance in response to stimulation of individual fascicles (tibial, peroneal and sural). The reconstructed EIT images correspond to microCT scans and histology, with significant separation between the fascicles (p < 0.01). The mean fascicle position is identified with an accuracy of 6% of nerve diameter. This suggests fast neural EIT can reliably image the functional fascicular anatomy of the nerves and so aid selective neuromodulation

On the consensus structure within the E. coli promoters

Using the theoretical model of DNA curvature, we have studied about 112 different E. coli promoters with a view to obtain some common super structures associated with them. Out of the 112 promoters analyzed by theoretical gel electrophoresis permutation about 66 of them have their minima lying between the - 10 and the -35 region. The analysis of the bases at the minima reveals strong structural similarities. The differences can account for the varying strengths of the promoters as well as for different degree with which the RNA polymerase binds to these regions. The effects of mutation in each of these 112 promoters and their changes in curvature dispersion have also been evaluated

Theoretical permutation gel electrophoretic analysis of a curved DNA fragment located in circular permutation.

The conformational properties of the polymorphic mole- cule DNA are controlled by the nucleotide sequence it contains. Apart from the structural polymorphism based on the variants of DNA secondary structure viz. B-DNA, A-DNA, Z-DNA and the parallel stranded and H-DNA, the role of local structural polymorphism has been a subject of intense theoretical and experimental investiga- tions in the recent past [l-41. The evidence for such local structural polymorphism was found in the crystallo- graphic studies of defined DNA fragments [5]. DNA cur- vature is an example of such microstructural polymor- phism and is now believed to be an intrinsic attribute of certain DNA sequences [l, 6-81. The existence of such sequence-dependent structural deformation in DNA, which was first identified in the phased (A), tracts from the kinetoplast DNA (K-DNA) of Leishmania torentolae, is now an established fact [l, 41. Two classes of models have been proposed to explain the basis of DNA curva- ture. The wedge model originally proposed by Trifonov [6-91 is based on the assumption that the non-parallel- ness of the base pairs due to the different dihedral angles between different base pair stacks gives rise to some small sequence-dependent wedges. The axial deflection of the successive wedges combine to form a planer curve and is particularly significant for the AA sequence. The junction bending model [lo, 111 identifies the origin of curvature at the conformational transition between locally somewhat different sequence-dependent forms of DNA, such as the deflection of the DNA axis at the junction between B-form and A-form. The phasing of the (A), tracts assures that the curvatures of individ- ual bending elements add up to produce a large overall bend in both models. Intrinsic DNA curvature is not limited to sequences containing poly-A runs. Investiga- tions have shown that there are a number of curved DNA fragments whose sequence contain no poly-A tracts [12, 131. The functional role of intrinsic DNA cur- vature has been found to be associated with replication